ISSN 0967-8948 *> ***> *****> *******> *****> D I S K U S ***> *> A disembodied journal of international Religious Studies Vol. 1 No. 2 Autumn 1993 If you know how to use DISKUS, please go to CONTENTS/1#2. If you are new to DISKUS, please read on... ===========================================================* HELP FOR READERS OF DISKUS Welcome to Vol.1, no.2 of DISKUS. We hope you enjoy it. You can print out the contents of DISKUS or read DISKUS on-screen. If you haven't already looked at the file called !WHAT_TO.DO, please read that file before proceeding any further. It may save you a lot of time! In a conventional printed journal, page numbers are used to find items. There are no page numbers in DISKUS. Instead, each item in DISKUS - an article, an announcement, etc. - is given a simple code to help you find it immediately using your wordprocessor's 'FIND' or 'SEARCH' function. 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Contents of Vol. 1 No. 2 EDITORIAL............................................EDIT/1#2 ARTICLES: Bryan WILSON 'The Persistence of Sects'........................WILSON/1#2 James H GRAYSON 'Christianity and State Shinto in Colonial Korea: A Clash of Nationalisms and Religious Beliefs'..GRAYSON/1#2 Ian HARRIS 'Individualism in its Indian Context'.............HARRIS/1#2 Nicholas SUTTON 'Issues Arising from the Distinctions Drawn Between Theology and Religious Studies'..........SUTTON/1#2 DISKUSsion: Helen WATERHOUSE A short critique of Nick Sutton's paper: "Issues Arising from the Distinctions Drawn Between Theology and Religious Studies.".....WATERHOUSE.1#2 ANNOUNCEMENTS: [Please send notices and news for inclusion in the next issue of DISKUS by 28 February 1994] Conferences: NEW AGE & CONTEMPORARY RELIGIONS IN THE BRITISH ISLES - Bath, 14 May 1994..............................NEW AGE/1#2 RELIGION, SEXUALITY & GENDER - Theme in the British Sociological Assoc. Annual Conference, 28-31 March 1994.................BSA/1#2 GENDER, RELIGION and SOCIETY.......................COSMOS/1#2 - University of Edinburgh Cosmos Project February 1994 NEW ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS IN THE WEST...................ISLAM/1#2 - King's College London 11 Dec 1993 IABS CONGRESS IN MEXICO IABSMEX/1#2 11th Congress of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Mexico City, 24-28 October 1994. CONTEMPORARY BUDDHISM - Text and Context - Leeds, April 1994.............................BUDDHISM/1#2 BASR Annual Conference - Bristol, September 1994...........................BASR/1#2 Publications RELIGION TODAY...................................RELTODAY/1#2 Information Sources E-MAIL: New Religious Studies Discussion List.......EMAIL/1#2 INFORM.............................................INFORM/1#2 GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS.........................GUIDE/1#2 DISKUS ADDRESSES AND INFORMATION.....................INFO/1#2 ===========================================================* Editorial Welcome to the second issue of DISKUS. Response to the launch of the UK's first disk-based Religious Studies journal has been very encouraging. Our thanks to those readers who commented on the high quality of the articles in the last issue and have wished DISKUS well. Only a few users reported technical problems, and these seem to have been overcome without much difficulty. So far so good! Various helpful suggestions have been adopted - please keep suggestions coming, and please continue to mention DISKUS to others who may be interested. Issue no.2 contains four very different papers, each fascinating in its own way. Bryan Wilson in 'The Persistence of Sects' examines with characteristic lucidity five contemporary Christian sects which have retained their separate and distinctive identity over several generations, yet have very different forms of organisation, ranging from the minimalist structures of the secretive 'Testimony' sect to what amount almost to a 'mini-state' administered by Seventh-Day Adventists. Despite considerable differences in their degree of organisational development, each has maintained a truly 'sectarian' stance. James Grayson's article on Christianity and State Shinto in Colonial Korea, as well as illuminating the religious events of a profoundly troubled era in the making of modern Korea, helps us to understand why nationalism and religion, competing focuses of ultimate loyalty in the modern world, are related to each other in such markedly different ways in Korea and Japan. Ian Harris' paper is a contribution to the continuing debate on the nature of the self in contemporary societies. Querying the widely accepted Dumontian claim that the European 'individual' cannot be found in Hindu culture, Harris invites us to look more closely and self-critically at the facts of the case, draws comparisons with Japan and proposes some lines of further enquiry. Nicholas Sutton's paper on Theology and Religious Studies was presented at the Annual Conference of the British Association for the Study of Religions in Newcastle earlier this year. It captures a central, if unintended, preoccupation of that conference with the distinctions between Religious Studies and Theology. While Sutton's views will not necessarily be shared by all, they emerge from the real and recent experience of a young scholar; questions are raised about the nature of Religious Studies and Theology as taught in Britain today which should be answered. DISKUS seeks among other things to provoke DISKUSsion, and another upcoming scholar, Helen Waterhouse, has offered her comments on Sutton's thesis in this issue. Further brief or lengthy contributions to this debate, which is far from over, are most welcome. Contributions to DISKUS should be sent to Dr. Gavin Flood at Lampeter. The full address and contributors' guidelines can be found at the end of this DISKUS file. Our sincere apologies to those waiting for part 2 of the 'Electronic Church'. This has been held over to the next issue, in order to incorporate statistical data as yet unpublished. The Editors -------------------------------------------------------------- Reminder for new readers: In this file (1#2__DIS.KUS) you will find only abstracts of the main articles below. The full versions are held in separate files on the disk - details are given with each abstract. This system helps to avoid DISKUS files becoming unmanageably long. Please refer to the Contents page above (CONTENTS/1#2) to see what other items may be found in this issue of the journal. ===========================================================* ARTICLES DISKUS Vol.1 No.2 (1993) pp.1-12 THE PERSISTENCE OF SECTS Bryan Wilson All Souls College, University of Oxford Abstract Whilst it is now well-established that the dictum of H. Richard Niebuhr that all sects become denominations within the course of one generation does not hold for all instances of sectarianism, it has sometimes been too readily supposed that the development within a sect of an elaborate organizational structure is itself a sufficient condition for this process to occur. An examination of five sects, two of which have evolved elaborate patterns of organization, and three others which have maintained a minimalist orientation, illustrates the contention that not only do not all sects become denominations, but that the acquisition of a complex organizational structure does not in itself necessarily lead to denominationalization. The article deals with two large-scale highly organized sects, the Seventh-day Adventist Church and Jehovah's Witnesses, and three smaller sects, each of which sees itself not as a corporate body, but as a gathering of votaries; the Exclusive Brethren, the Christadelphians, and the Testimony. The full paper is contained in DISKUS file WILSON.1#2 ===========================================================* DISKUS Vol.1 No.2 (1993) pp.13-30 CHRISTIANITY AND STATE SHINTO IN COLONIAL KOREA: A CLASH OF NATIONALISMS AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS Dr. James H. Grayson Centre for Korean Studies University of Sheffield PO Box 595, Sheffield S10 2UJ UK Abstract: In this paper, I explore the reasons why Christianity became so closely associated with Korean nationalism by examining one of the crucial issues which faced Korean Christians during the era of Japanese colonial domination - the Shinto Shrine Question. During the late 1920s and the 1930s, a militant Japanese nationalism arose which saw participation in State Shinto shrine rituals as an outward sign of Japanese patriotism. Korean Christians during the colonial era were required to participate in rites which were considered by them to be both idolatrous and offensive to their own nationalism. This paper examines the ways in which the Japanese colonial government attempted to enforce Korean compliance in these rites, and in what ways the Korean Christians resisted these attempts. In the second section of this paper, I examine the reasons for the rapid and wide-spread acceptance of Christianity in Korea, and in the third and fourth sections I examine the reactions of the Korean Christians to the policies of the Japanese colonial regime. In the fifth section, I contrast the Korean Christian reaction to Shinto nationalism with the reactions of Japanese Christians. (From the author's introduction) The full paper is contained in DISKUS file GRAYSON.1#2 ===========================================================* HARRIS/1#2 DISKUS Vol.1 No.2 (1993) pp.31-54 INDIVIDUALISM IN ITS INDIAN CONTEXT Ian Harris St Martin's College Lancaster UK Abstract: The author identifies a normative European notion of the individual in the writings of Dumont, the effect of which is to devalue the culture and institutions of India in relation to those of the West. He argues that many features of Hindu culture, both historical and contemporary, pose a challenge to the Dumontian position. The article examines some of these features which bear on the notion of the individual in India, such as Hindu conceptions of history and time, democracy in post-Independence India, the heterogeneity of Indian culture, the notion of character types and attitudes to caste, the nature of renunciation and reform, and the relations between economic activity and individualism. He concludes by suggesting ways in which subsequent research on the problem of the individual in both the European and Indian context might proceed more fruitfully. The full paper is contained in DISKUS file HARRIS.1#2 ===========================================================* SUTTON/1#2 DISKUS Vol.1 No.2 (1993) pp.55-65 ISSUES ARISING FROM THE DISTINCTIONS DRAWN BETWEEN THEOLOGY AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES Nicholas Sutton c/o Dept of Religious Studies University of Lancaster Lancaster, UK Abstract: This paper argues that the study of both Christianity and other religious world-views would be enhanced if the methodologies of Theology and Religious Studies were applied to both. The argument evolves from the assumption that Religious Studies, in taking a neutral and descriptive stance towards the doctrines of non-Christian religions, cannot apply the truth claims of these religions to the contemporary world. Conversely, Christian Theology speaks from within a faith commitment and can do this. It is argued that, in spite of the different functions associated with these two disciplines, just as Christianity can benefit from the neutral stance of phenomenology, so it is not necessary to maintain a personal faith in order to interact with a tradition. A less descriptive and more interactionist approach to, in particular, the texts of non©Christian religions, would make it possible for the wisdom of that tradition to speak to the contemporary age. The approach is illustrated by the description of a study of the Mahabharata which aims to allow the text to speak, with its own voice, on issues of universal and contemporary concern which have relevance beyond its cultural origins. The full paper is contained in DISKUS file SUTTON.1#2 ===========================================================* WATERHOUSE/1#2 Helen WATERHOUSE 'A short critique of Nick Sutton's paper: "Issues Arising from the Distinctions Drawn Between Theology and Religious Studies." Helen Waterhouse Study of Religions, Bath College of Higher Education Newton Park, Bath BA2 9BN, UK This paper is in DISKUS file WATERHOU.1#2 ===========================================================* CALL FOR PAPERS ************************************************************* ******* ******** ****** NEW AGE & CONTEMPORARY ******* ***** RELIGIONS IN THE BRITISH ISLES ****** **** ***** *** SECOND ANNUAL ONE-DAY CONFERENCE **** ** *** * organised by ** * STUDY OF RELIGIONS * * BATH COLLEGE OF HIGHER EDUCATION * * * * SATURDAY 14 MAY 1994 * * * * CONFERENCE THEME: "INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS" * ** ** *** CALL FOR PAPERS *** ************************************************************* Papers on the above theme related to New Age or Contemporary Religions in the UK are especially invited. Please contact: Marion Bowman Study of Religions Bath College of Higher Education Newton Park Bath BA2 9BN Tel: 0225-873701 x 404/368 e-mail: m.i.bowman@uk.ac.bath ===========================================================* RELIGION, SEXUALITY & GENDER BSA/1#2 - Theme in the British Sociological Assoc. Annual Conference, 28-31 March 1994 The 1994 BSA Conference to be held at University of Central Lancashire, Preston, will focus on the braod theme of 'Sexualities in Social Context'. One of the proposed conference themes, in which the Sociology of Religion study group will participate, is 'Religion, Sexuality and Gender'. For further details contact Vicki Merchant, 1994 BSA Conference, Adelphi Building, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancs. PR1 2HE ===========================================================* GENDER, RELIGION & SOCIETY Edinburgh, February 1993 Call for papers. A conference is being arranged by the School of Scottish Studies Cosmos Project at the University of Edinburgh, probably for Saturday 19 February 1994. Offers of papers should be sent as soon as possible to Dr Emily Lyle, School of Scottish Studies, 27 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LD ===========================================================* NEW ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS IN THE WEST...................ISLAM/1#2 - King's College London 11 Dec 1993 A day conference will be held at King's College London on Saturday 11 December 1993. For further details contact Dr Peter Clarke, Centre for New Religions, Dept. of Theology and Religious Studies, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS. Tel 071-873-2208 ===========================================================* 11th Congress of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Mexico City, 24-28 October 1994. A second call for papers was due out in September 1993. There is probably still time to offer a paper. Further details available from: Prof. Flora Botton Director, Centre for Asian and African Studies el Colegio de Mexico Camino al Ajusco No.20 Codigo Postal 01000 Mexico, D.F. Tel:(525) 645-59-55 Fax:(525) 645-04-64 ===========================================================* Advance notice: BASR (British Association for the Study of Religions) Annual Conference September 1994 at the University of Bristol Conference Organiser: Peggy Morgan, Westminster College, Oxford Theme 'Contemporary Symbols of the Sacred' Further details will be available in the next issue of DISKUS. ===========================================================* CONTEMPORARY BUDDHISM - Text and Context A Conference 8-10 April 1994, University of Leeds The nature of Buddhism in the contemporary world is notoriously difficult to assess. This is due partly to its presence in a variety of cultures, defined variously as traditional. modern and postmodern. The result is that scholarship is fractured into a variety of regional studies and a diversity of methodological approaches, many of which offer competing and conflicting visions of contemporary Buddhism. Textual scholars, for example, often appear to be interested in reconciling modern developments with classical writings, characteristically tending towards the portrayal of Buddhism as an essentially unbroken tradition. Many sociologists and anthropologists, on the other hand, often see modern forms of Buddhism as being radically disjoined from the past, emphasizing the disruptive, transformative nature of modernity. The methodological and practical difficulties associated with the study of contemporary Buddhism mean that a braod overview of the area is generally beyond the capacities of individual scholars. It is intended, however, that this conference will enable students of Buddhism to begin to realize a more coherent vision of the subject. It should at least be possible for researchers of differing intellectual backgrounds to enter into a constructive debate with others. The conference will consist of lecture presentations by internationally recognized scholars, formal debates and special interest group sessions. Areas for discussion will include Buddhism and modernity, Buddhist nationalism, regional varieties of Buddhism, Buddhism in the West, Buddhist economics, Buddhism and Christianity, and others. It is intended that conference proceedings will be published. The conference will represent an important first attempt to define the character and status of Buddhism in the contemporary world, and should be of interest to all scholars of Buddhism, and also to students of contemporary religion in general. Conference Organisers: Dr Ian Harris St Martin's College, Lancaster Dr Philip Mellor, University of Leeds Conference Administrator: Ingrid Lawrie, University of Leeds Registration fees œ25 pounds paid before 30 November 1993 and œ35 thereafter. Students œ10. Venue: Tetley Hall, University of Leeds Fee: œ85 pounds covering all meals and residence Enquiries to Conference Office: CBTC Office, c/o Ingrid Lawrie Dept of Theology and Religious Studies University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT, England Tel: 0532-333640 Fax: 0532-336017 Telex 556473 UNILDS G ===========================================================* Publications RELIGION TODAY A Journal of Contemporary Religions Ed. P.B.Clarke Centre for New Religious Movements King's College University of London Strand London WC2R 2LS Tel: 071-836-5454 x 3796 RELIGION TODAY is a journal of contemporary religion which provides a forum for discussion and analysis of new religions as well as trends and developments within mainstream churches and the world's major religions. Religion today plays a unique role in the academic debate in this field, as there is no other British journal of its kind. Produced in a magazine format, the journal is published three times per year, with a Spring, Summer and Autumn/Winter edition. Subscriptions: œ9 pounds for annual subscription (3 issues including postage & packing) œ18 for two years subscription (6 issues) US$20.00 for an annual subscription overseas (3 issues) Please send the journal to: Name................................. Address.................................................. ......................................................... Country ===========================================================* NOTICE WINDOWS ON THEOLOGY / FENSTER ZUR THEOLOGIE UK Registered Charity No. 1015052 Windows on Theology / Fenster zur Theologie is a charity which aims to promote the publication of theological works. The fact that there is no shortage of theological books on the market today doesn't necessarily mean that all the voices which deserve a wider audience are heard. Even authors of outstanding ability find it increasingly difficult if not impossible, to find publishers and even more difficult, publishers who are prepared and able to offer them the conditions and terms they deserve. The problem becomes even greater for authors who come from underdeveloped countries. Despite their ability to make outstanding contributions to world theology, they are often unable to overcome the problems of production, distribution and appropriate price in their own countries. What good is a book when it can't be distributed and sold at an affordable price where it is most needed. Klaus-Dieter Stoll 68 Windermere Road Freehold Lancaster LA1 3EZ (For further details see the file WINDOWS/1#1 in DISKUS 1#1) ===========================================================* Information Sources ****** E-MAIL: New Religious Studies Discussion List ******* For those able to access the JANET (Joint Academic Network) e-mail system, there is a new discussion list called 'Religious-Studies-UK', designed for the Religious Studies academic community to communicate with each other on issues of interest and concern. The INTRODUCTION to the list from Dr Peter Moore is reproduced here: "This list is primarily for academics, postgraduates and subject librarians working in the UK who have full-time or part-time interests or responsibilities somewhere within the broad field of religious studies. In particular it is hoped that the list will do something to encourage fruitful interchange between these three categories of individual. The intended main focus of the list is on the current representation and development of religious studies in the UK. It encourages the discussion of problems and opportunities relating to teaching, research, library resources, grants, visits, conferences, etc. The extent to which 'Religious Studies' does or can or should include 'Theology' (or at least some kind of 'theological' element), and the ways in which Religious Studies does or can or should relate to 'Theology' understood as an independent discipline, are of course precisely the kind of issues that one might expect to see aired in this discussion list. In time, given sufficient interest, it might be worth creating, alongside the present one, a purely academically oriented list: one devoted to the discussion of theoretical, philosophical and methodological issues arising within the study of religion. There are already one or two such general Religious Studies lists based in North America, but none so far in the UK. There are also, both in the UK and in North America, a number of lists devoted to specific religious or cultural traditions or to particular disciplinary approaches. The present list could be a useful medium for disseminating information about these and other relevant lists. I should be grateful if those who subscribe to this list would endeavour to bring it to the attention of others who might be interested, including those who are not currently users of computers or e-mail (but who might decide to become such out of interest in this list)." DISKUS note: You can join the list (e-mail address: religious-studies-uk@uk.ac.mailbase) via MAILBASE, which is accessed via the NISS gateway on JANET. To find out how to use MAILBASE (which is designed for the Higher Education community) you will need to contact a university computer centre to see what permission, equipment & information you need. For further information about the list itself, contact the list 'owner': Dr Peter Moore Darwin College The University of Kent at Canterbury Canterbury Kent, CT2 7NY, UK tel: (0227) 76400, ext 3675 e-mail: pgm@ukc.ac.uk In a future issue of DISKUS we hope to run an introductory article on e-mail for Religious Studies purposes. ===========================================================* INFORMATION NETWORK FOCUS ON RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS INFORM is a non-sectarian Charity which was started in 1988 in order to conduct research into new religious movements and to help enquirers by providing information about the movement that is as objective, balanced and up-to-date as possible. Honorary Director: Prof. Eileen Barker (LSE) Further information available from: INFORM Houghton Street London WC2 2AE Tel: 071-955-7654 Fax: 071-242-0392 (mark for INFORM) ===========================================================* DISKUS subscription: 1 year (2 issues) œ5 pounds (UK) or $15 dollars/ œ10 pounds overseas (airmail) Cheques/orders payable to "Bath College of Higher Education" Please specify disk size/type when ordering (e.g. PC 3.5", 5.25", Amstrad PCW 3", Apple Mac etc.) -------------------------------------------------------------   ISSN 0967-8948   D I S K U S   A disk-based journal of international Religious Studies DISKUS is the first disk-based journal of Religious Studies. Each issue is published and distributed on computer disk only, in a simple format easily accessible by your word-processing program. DISKUS features: - an emphasis on contemporary religions, and contemporary issues in Religious Studies. - a mix of religious traditions in each issue of the journal - a broadly phenomenological approach, by which we mean articles about religion rather than articles written from a religious standpoint. - articles written in a lucid style, accessible to an international readership of researchers, students and educators in Religious Studies. DISKUS is cheaper than standard printed journals. You can study, scan and even index the contents of DISKUS in your own wordprocessing program, and print off part or whole as required. Academic papers (of any reasonable length), notices, reports, letters, books for review, and other short contributions submitted for publication in DISKUS should be addressed to: Dr Gavin Flood DISKUS, Dept. of Theology & Religious Studies St David's Univ. College Lampeter, SA48 7ED, UK Tel: 0570-422351 x 315. Fax: 0570-423641 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subscription Form: Please send me DISKUS (tick issues required): Vol 1, 1993 (2 issues, Spring & Autumn). Vol 2, 1994 (2 issues, Spring & Autumn). UK: I enclose 5 pounds per volume (2 issues) (Cheques payable to 'Bath College of H.E.) Overseas (Airmail) subscriptions: I enclose 15 USdollars, or 10 UKpounds. Name: (PRINT)...................................Prof/Dr/Ms/Mr Address:...................................................... Country: ................... Tel:............. Fax:............ Please send DISKUS on IBM compatible 5¬"Disk[] 3«"Disk[] (tick one) Other (e.g. Amstrad PCW 3" Disk, Apple Mac) please specify....................... Please return the subscription form and your payment to: Prof. Brian Bocking DISKUS Bath College of Higher Education Newton Park, Bath, BA2 9BN, UK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Joint Editors of DISKUS: Prof. Brian Bocking Dr Gavin Flood Study of Religions Dept. Dept. of Theology Bath College of Higher Education & Religious Studies Newton Park St David's Univ. College Bath BA2 9BN Lampeter, Dyfed SA48 7AR Tel: 0225-873701 x 368 Tel: 0570-422351 x 315 Fax: 0225-874082 Fax: 0570-423641 e-mail: b.bocking@uk.ac.bath ===========================================================* GUIDE/1#2 DISKUS: Guidelines for Contributors Version 2 Autumn 1993 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE SENDING IN YOUR CONTRIBUTION 'DISKUS: Guidelines for Contributors' will be included in each issue of DISKUS and amended in the light of experience. If you plan to submit an item to DISKUS, please look in your most recent issue of DISKUS for updated Guidelines. CONTENTS GUIDELINES DISKUS features:  an emphasis on contemporary religions, and contemporary issues in Religious Studies.  a mix of religious traditions in each issue of the journal  a broadly phenomenological approach, by which we mean articles about religion rather than articles written from a religious standpoint.  articles written in a lucid style, accessible to an international readership of researchers, students and educators in Religious Studies. Style Guide: DISKUS has a liberal policy on referencing and layout of articles. Referencing may be done through numbered endnotes e.g. <3> or in the author-date style e.g. (BROOKS, 1979:23). Some writers may wish to number paragraphs in order to refer backwards and forwards in their paper; others may wish to write in more discursive style. Sub-headings are often useful. Remember that DISKUS cannot handle automatic footnoting, bold text, italics, underlining etc. and that readers may not wish to scroll backwards and forwards looking for endnotes - incorporate as much as possible in the main text. Bibliography: use single quote marks for titles of articles. For book titles, separate the title from preceding text and place a full stop at the end, before the publisher information. E.g: Smith, J (1990) The Nature of Nature. London, Common Press. Papers intended for publication in DISKUS should be submitted initially IN PRINTED FORM ONLY, double spaced and page-numbered. Short announcements, letters etc. may be submitted on paper, or on paper and disk. ===========================================================* COPYRIGHT NOTICE With the exception of (1) a single backup disk copy, (2) a single printed copy made for a subscriber's own use and (3) limited quotation for scholarly purposes, no part of DISKUS may be copied or distributed by any means without the written permission of the Editors. In particular, no part of the text may be replaced, deleted or in any other way altered. (Copyright) DISKUS 1993 "Respect for intellectual labour and creativity is vital to academic enterprise. This principle applies to works of all authors and publishers in all media. It encompasses respect for the right to acknowledgement, right to privacy, and right to determine the form, manner, and terms of publication and distribution. Because electronic information is volatile and easily reproduced, respect for the work and personal expression of others is especially critical in computer environments. Violations of authorial integrity, including plagiarism, invasion of privacy, unauthorised access, and trade secret and copyright violations, may be grounds for sanctions against members of the academic community." Reprinted from the EDUCOM Code